#1
Imperator Caesar filius Augustus


T 3-5 17 Hirami Yousuke

<1>An out line

He was a president of ancient Rome and emperor. His former name is Gaius Octabvius He was born in 63 BC. After his father’s death, he was protected by Julius. After Julius was assassinated, he knew that he was adopted and was heir to Julius in accordance with Julius’s will, then he went to Rome immediately and change his name to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus , and assert his right. In opposition to Antonine.. Octavianus won Antonine to the war in Mutina , and he became consul.

The Second Triumviratsu

　　In 43 BC Octavianus, Anttonine and Marx met at Bologna. Octavianus governed west, Antonine governed east, and Marx governed Africa. Octavianus won Sextus Ponpeius who against Triumviratsu and block the sea, then Octavianus banish Marx from Africa. After that, he was opposed to Antonine again and Octavianus won him.

Establish of Principatsu

Octavianus return to Rome andgot atitle name “Augustus” in29 BC.

In 23 BC, he resigned the emperor, and he got tribuniplebis and leave for Greece. In 20 BC, the battle flag robbed by the defeat of Gracchus, and retuened hostages, so east became stable. Next he had to bring German under his control.

In those days, people who grew up to be a man join the political world so Augustus’ structure became stable. In 12 BC, he became a top of priest. After that, priest became top rank of emperors posses. He bothered to decide his successor. At first, his dauter’s wives, his　an able subordinate Agrippa became candidates. But at last, Tiberiusu became a succsser.
 
#2
Tiberius Julius Caesar
･ Tiberius was born on November 16, 42BC to Tiberius Nero and Livia Druslla in Rome.
･ Tiberius led a sizable force into Aremenia, presumably with the gpal pf establishing it as a Roman client-state and as a threat on the Roman-Parthian border.

･ In 19 BC he returned from the East.

･ In 13 BC he returned to Rome and was appointed as consul.

･ In 12 BC he received military commissions in Pannonia and Germania.

･ He returned to Rome and consul for a second time in 7 BC, and in 6 BC was granted tribunician power.

･ In 6 BC, on the verge of accepting command in the East and becoming the second most powerful man in Rome. Tiberius suddenly announced his withdrawal from politics and retired to Rhodes.

･ He would hold power only until his stepsons would come of age, and then be swept aside.

･ With Tiberius’ departure, succession rested solely on Augustus’ two young grandsons, Lucius and Gaius Caesar.

･ Along with his adoption, Tiberius received tribunician power as well as a share of Augustus’ maius imperium.

･ In AD 22, he shared his tribunician authority with son Drusus.

･ Finally, in AD 26, Tiberius retired from Rome altogether to the island of Capri.

･ Tiberius died in Misenum on March 16,AD 37 at the age of 77.

Augustus


23rd September 63 BC – 19th August AD 14



Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus was the first ruler of the Roman Empire.
He was named Gaius Octavius Thurinus.
He was appointed as Pontiff in 47 BC
On 15th March 44 BC, Caesar was killed. And when Thurinus became known for he was appointed the next heir by Caesar.
Then he changed his name to Gaius Julius Caesar Octaviunus.
On October 43 BC, he started the second Triumvirate with Marcus Antonius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
On 17th Janualy 38 BC, he married Livia Drusilla
On 3rd September 36 BC, his army beat Sextus Pompeius, because Sextus called himself “Neptuni Fillius(the son of Neptune)” and was obstructing transportation of wheat.
Antonius married Cleopatra and annoyed Roman people, so that Octaviunus submitted a pian to battle against Antonius and Cleopatra and Rome decleared war against the Ptolemaic dynasty.
The army of Antonius was storonger than that of Octavianus. But Antonius and Cleopatra suddenry escaped from the batlle so Octavianus won. Antonius and Cleopatra run to Alexandria, but they killed themselves.

On 29 BC, he become Princeps. On 13th January 27BC, he became Proconsul. And three days later, he coferred “Augustus” and he changed his name toImperator Caesar Augustus. On 23BC, he bacame the Tribiniplepis.
He eventully became the Imperator in name and reality.
On 2 AD, he coferred “paer patriae”.

#4
Claudius



Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus


(15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68),cite_note-0



He was the fifth and last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.



A profile



37AD December 12/15

He was born in Antium.



50AD

He was adopted as Lucius Domitius's son.



51AD

He grew up to be a man.



54AD Octorber 12/13

Emperor Claudius died. And Nero took the throne.



58AD

He married Octavia. She was Claudius' daughter.



59AD

He killed his mother and his wife.

He became a tyrant.



62AD

Octavia killed herself. Nero remarried Poppaea Sabina.





64AD

A big fire consumed the whole Roma. It was burning for a week.

He blamed Christians and killed them.

He builded Domus Aurea that is a place.



67AD

He tried to excavated Corinth Canal,but it failed.

Gaius Julius Vindex rebeled against in Gallia



68AD

People rebeledagainst. Nero fled Rome and eventually committed suicide.

His body was buried in Mars.



Character

He liked jewel, specially fluorite.

Similarly, he liked singing a song. He called thousands of people to his concert.

He liked birds, specially parrots and parakeet. But he was apt to get tired soon. So birds were killed and eaten.

(AD41-54)

　Since the emperor of Caligula was killed, Claudius succeeded

Caligula as the emperor. Claudius was uncle of Caligula .

His forth wife was known to be a bad wife. So he had to give

the position of the emperor not to his real son but to her child

by a former marriage. In addition, his wife killed Claudius with

poison!

His life was miserable. However, he was so clever that his speech

was worthy of praise.

#5
Nero


(37.12.15―64.6.9)

He was born in 37BD. He became the 5th Roman Emperor after the affair that his mother killed the 4th Emperor, Claudius. He was 16 years old at that time.

He was taught by a philosopher, Seneca, so he governed wisely at first. But he gradually became a dictator.

Though he married Octavia, the daughter of Claudius, he loved a woman slave. It was a hurt to his mother’s pride. She criticized him for that and said that Britannicus whose father was Claudius was the more suitable person than Nero. He got angry, and he killed Britannicus in 55. And he banished his mother for out of the palace, and killed her in59. After Octavia’s death, he married a woman, but he killed her during quarrel.

A big fire struck Rome in 64. Then it was rumored that it was occurred by Nero. But he said the fire was occurred by the Christians and executed them in order to contradict the rumor.

In 68, army revolted against the dictator and curia regarded him as the enemy of the nation, so he was ousted from Rome and he killed himself in 64AD.

#9
Vespasianus


(AD69 - 79)

Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79.

Vespasian’s reign

Vespasian was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers while he was campaigning in Palestine. Roman legions from Pannonia and Illyricum (central Europe) marched on Rome and defeated Vitellius, who had gained control. Vespasian entered Rome in triumph early in 70 AD.

He immediately began to restore order, out of the chaos of a year of civil war. He reorganized the eastern provinces, and was a capable administrator. He was responsible for the construction of the Colosseum in Rome, which was completed by his son Titus.

An honest, straightforward administrator, he stabilized Rome's finances. He set up new taxes and imposed heavy taxes, thereby restoring the empire's financial condition. He used the income to promote education and build public works. The economy was strengthened by Vespasian's own example of frugality. Rome prospered under his rule.

As well as the Colosseum, a new temple on Capitoline Hill were started during his rule. Vespasian restored the army's morale, strengthened the defense of the empire's frontiers, and reorganized provinces in the East.

As emperor, Vespasian retained the soldierly virtues of common sense, lack of pretence and straightforwardness. He saw his task as restoring confidence and stability to the Roman Empire after a period of serious dissension.

He was succeeded by his son Titus, who had helped him govern the empire.

Achievements

Other important events of Vespasian's reign include:

•He built a new forum, the famous Colosseum and other buildings.

•The suppression of a formidable revolt by the Germanic Batavians led by Julius Civilis in 69 to 70 AD.

•After the capture and destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70 AD the world was at peace for nine years.

•Conquests in Britain by the Roman general Gnaeus Julius Agricola.

•The development of a more extensive educational system. He founded professorships to encourage education.

•Founder of the Flavian dynasty.



#11
Titus Flavius Domitianus
・He was the 11th emperor of the Roman Empire (81-96). He was the last emperor of the Flavius dynasty. He was born in 51 and died in96.

・In 81, his older brother, who was the emperor, fell victim to a serious disease and he became the emperor.

・His reign started serenely, but got gradually tyrannical. Because of it, he was liable to the Damnatio Memoriae, which canceled every trace of the person from the life of Rome, as if he had never existed, in order to preserve the honor of the city.

He also persecuted Jews and Christians.

・After his accession, he brought about economic collapse and business recession. He rouse taxes to recover economy, but it had a bad reputation.

・In 85, he became Roman censor, which was one of the highest places. Some people thought it was inappropriate for him to become it.

・He made Domitia Longina divorce her husband and he married her.

・He was assassinated by senators and former asides. He knew his death because astrologer had foretold his death, so he watched for his assassination, but he was killed.


#13
Hori Fumika


Marcus Ulpius Nerva Trajanus

He was born on AD 53 and he ruled from AD 98 until his death AD 117.

His Spanish origin made him the first emperor not to come from Italy.

He expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent

He was a just and conscientious ruler, earning the title Optimus Princeps, the best of emperors

The fame of Trajan was remembered for years to come. During the 4th century the senate still was in search for an emperor that would be "felicior Augusto, melior Traiano," meaning "More fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan."


T3-5　no.16 Hino Masatoshi


Lucius Aurelius Verus (15 December 130 – 169), born as Lucius Ceionius Commodus, known simply as Lucius Verus, was Roman co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius (121–180), from 161 until his death.

Lucius Verus was the first born son to Avidia Plautia and Lucius Aelius Verus Caesar and raised in Rome. As a prince and future emperor Verus, received careful education from the famous “grammaticus” Marcus Cornelius Fronto. He was reported to have been an excellent student, fond of writing poetry and delivering speeches. Verus started his political career as a quaestor in 153, became consul in 154, and in 161 was consul again with Marcus Aurelius as his senior partner.

Antoninus died on 7 March 161, and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius and he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers　It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors.

Lucius was less esteemed by his tutor than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors. In the spring of 162, the Tider flooded over its banks, destroying much of Rome. It drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine.

Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention. In other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the Italian communities out of the Roman granaries.

Over the winter of 161–62, as more bad news arrived—a rebellion was brewing in Syria—it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian war in person. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, more suited to military activity. Lucius' biographer suggests ulterior motives: to restrain Lucius' debaucheries, to make him thrifty, to reform his morals by the terror of war, to realize that he was an emperor.[Whatever the case, the senate gave its assent, and Lucius left. Marcus would remain in Rome; the city "demanded the presence of an emperor"

In the spring of 168 war broke out in the Danubian border when the Marcomanni invaded the Roman territory. This war would last until 180, but Verus did not see the end of it.

In 168, as Verus and Marcus Aurelius returned to Rome from the field, Verus fell ill with symptoms attributed to food poisoning, dying after a few days (169). However, scholars believe that Verus may have been a victim of smallpox, as he died during a widespread epidemic known as the Antonine Plague.

#17
Marcs Aurelius (121~180)


He was born in Rome in 121.

He was adopted into Antoninus Pius,

and inherited the rank of emperor of

Rome from his father-in-law.

At one time, he governed Rome with

Lucius Verus who is his brother-in-law.

But, Lucius Verus died in 169, so Marcs

governed Rome alone till 180.

He fought with Germanic people thoughout,and he would often win them.

However, he died of an illness at the front in 180.

And, he was also famous as a Stoic.

His well known writing is ‘Ton eis heauton biblia’ which say follow nature to live.
Also, he was called 大秦王安敦 by Chinese.

Lucius Verus








(130~169A.D)



Lucius Verus was born in 130 and died in 169 at the age of twelve. He had another brother Gaius Avidius Ceionius Commodus and two sisters Ceionia Fabia and Ceionia Plautia. When his father died in early 138, Hadrian chose Antoninus Pius (86-161) as his successor. Antoninus was adopted by Hadrian on the condition that Verus and Hadrian’s great-nephew Marcus Aurelius was to be adopted by Antoninus as his sons and heirs. Antoninus died on 7 March 161, and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius. Although Marcus had no personal affection for Hadrian,he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans. Thus, although the senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers. Lucius became an emperor , and it was the first time that Rome was ruled by the two emperors. From 162 to 166 , He contributed to War with Parthia. In the spring of 168 war broke out in the Danubian border when the Marcomanni invaded the Roman territory. This war would last until 180, but Verus did not see the end of it. In 168, as Verus and Marcus Aurelius returned to Rome from the field, Verus fell ill with symptoms attributed to food poisoning , dying after a few days (169).
Lucius Verus









#18
Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus

31 August 161 – 31 December 192

He was an only son of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, and was born in Lanuvium, near Rome.

He had an elder twin brother, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, who died in 165. On 12 October 166.

On 1 January 177, Commodus became consul for the first time, which made him, aged 15, the youngest consul in Roman history up to that time.

At first time, he was very popular with people because he was a son of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and handsome man.

However, his reign was terrible, so his sister and her husband planed his assassination, but it was failed.

Since then, he noticed his job, but he began to be afraid of people.

That is why he introduced himself as a son of Hercules.

In other words, he went mad.

He preferred fighting , but he became so mad that he took part in the game as a gladiator.

Because his mistress felt he was dangerous, she planed his assassination, and it succeeded.

He was killed in his stadium.

Commodus is regarded as a very bad guy now.


#22
Septimius Severus　(193-211)


193 Murder of Pertinax; Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus proclaimed emperor; Severus marches on Rome; recognized by the Senate; marches to the east

194 Consul II (with Clodius Albinus II); siege of Byzantium; recognized in Egypt; defeats Niger near Issus, claims to have been adopted by Marcus Aurelius

195 Sack of Byzantium; First war against the Parthian empire; accepts the titles Arabicus, Adiabenicus, and Pius; war declared upon Clodius Albinus

196 Caracalla made caesar; Severus returns to Rome

197 Clodius Albinus defeated; beginning of Second Parthian War

198 Parthian victory; accepts the title Parthicus

199 Stay in Syria and Egypt

200 Stay in Rome

201 Preparation of visit to Africa; foundation of Gholaia

202 Consul III (with Caracalla); decennalia in Rome; Caracalla marries Plautilla; move to Africa

203 Campaign against the Garamantes; visit to Lepcis; dedication of the Arch of Septimius Severus; Byzantium refounded

204 Ludi Saeculares

205 Caracalla consul II (with Geta); fall of Plautian, the praetorian prefect

206 War against the bandits of Bulla Felix

208 Caracalla consul III (with Geta II); Leaves for Britain

210 Accepts the title Britannicus

211 Death at York

The Severus’s family →
Geta's portrait was destroyed after he had been killed by his brother .
Succeeded by: Caracalla, Geta
His last words: 'I took over the republic in a disturbed condition everywhere, and I leave it pacified even among the Britons. Now an old man crippled in the feet, I bequeath to my Antonines, a stable empire if they will bc good, a weak one if bad.'
'Keep on good terms with each other,' is said to have been his last advice to his sons, 'be generous to the soldiers, and take no heed of anyone else !"

#23
Caracalla


He was born in Gallia,186. His mother is

Julia Domna. His father is Lucius Septimius Severus, who is from

Africa was the king of Severus. Lucius was a talented general. He

was died in Eboracum 193. Then Caracalla and Publius Septimius

Geta,Caracalla’s brother became the Roman king. Then the

relationship of them became bad. Geta was killed by Caracalla on

26th ,12, 211 in front of their mother.

The name of Caracalla was not his real name. His real name is

Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus. “caracalla” means kind of a

coat. Caracalla was often put on the caracalla so he was called so.

His governance is often considered to be cruel. He killed about

20000 people. People didn’t like him, but he was regarded as a

hero by armies. He give high salary to them.

His another distinguished was that everybody who lived in Rome

had civilian rights. All civilian could live as a Roman that had to

pay tax. The purpose of this was obvious that Caracalla wanted

abundant budget. This law was named Constitutio Antoniniana.

He also constructed

“Le Terme di Caracalla Antoniniane”,a

bath house for men. The construction has 2000 to 3000 bath tab.

It was said that the all flour of this construction was tiled with

beautiful mosaic art.

He was killed by Maclinus in 217 on his way to battle field in

Parthia.

What was done after Geta’s death?

Geta was killed by Caracalla. Caracalla regarded Geta as a revel.

He was executed due to plot against Caracalla.

Although Geta was died, Caracalla didn’t stopped punishing.

on proscription, decreeing of

After all, Geta was imposed

condemnation to death or banishment.

#26
Elagabalus( Varius Avitus Bassiaus)


・Born ca.203 Died 11 March 222

・Reigun 218-222

・Elagabalus was born in Syria.

・He was emperor when he was fourteen,but he was lazy and
his mother and grandmother held real power.

・The term is derived from Heliogabalus. Heliogabalus was a sun
god. In just a few years of his reign, but it was neglected and
Roman gods, there was also face sexual deviant-oriented. The rule is often synonymous with corruption, named after his novels and paintings Nineteenth century Many have since been made.

・He was crazy man : he married five women and a man and had transvestism.

・When he was eighteen,he and his mother was killed by Praetorians who and his body was thrown in Tevere.

#27
Alexander Severus
Alexander Severus was adopted by Elagabalus . His Father’s name was Genesius Marcianus, and his mother's Julia Mamaea, and he received the surname of Alexander because he was born in a temple sacred to Alexander the Great. He was carefully educated and his mother paid particular attention to the development of his morals and character.

At the death of Elagabalus, who had been jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though only 14 years old, was proclaimed emperor. His nomination was approved by the universal shouts of the army and the congratulations of the senate. Not long after, the peace of the empire was disturbed by Persian incursions. Alexander marched into he east without delay, soon obtained a decisive victory and at his return to Rome was honored with a triumph.

He was a patron of literature, and he dedicated the hours of relaxation to the study of the best Greek and Latin historians, orators and poets. In the public schools which his liberality and the desire to encourage learning had founded, he often heard with pleasure and satisfaction the eloquent speeches and declamations of his subjects.

During his reign, the provinces were well supplied with provisions and Rome was embellished with many stately buildings and magnificent porticoes.

Those guilty of corruption or who robbed the public, even intimate friends of the emperor, were severly punished. The offices of the state which had before his reign been sold or occupied by favorites, were now bestowed based upon merit, and Alexander could boast that all his officers were men of trust and abilities.

The revolt of the Germans soon after called him away from the indolence of the capital. His expedition in Germany achieved some success, however, his virtues and amiable qualities were forgotten by the soldiers in the stern and sullen strictness of his discipline.

His soldiers, fond of repose, murmured against his severity; their clamors fomented by the artifice of Maximinus. Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the midst of his camp, after a reign of 13 years, on or about the 18th of March 235 A.D. His mother, Mamaea, shared his fate, with all his friends. Then 　Maximinus punished all the soldiers involved in the murder, except
himself, with immediate death.

Alexander has been admired for his many virtues, and every historian
except Herodian is bold to assert, that if he had lived, the Roman Empire might have been freed from the tumults and abuses which continually disturbed her peace, and kept the lives of her emperors and
senators in perpetual alarms.

Publius Licinius Valerianus (Valerian) (200-260)


Commonly know in English as Valerian or ValerianⅠ，the Elder ，was a Roman Emperor ，reigning from 253 to 260 .

He was the only Emperor to be taken captive alive by ShapurⅠ，was the second Persian Empire.



Unlike the majority of the pretenders during the Crisis of the Third Century ，Valerian was of a noble and traditional senatorial family. Details of his early life are elusive ， but for his marriage to Egnatia Mariniana，who gave two sons : later empire Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus and Valerianus minor.

He was a Consul for the first time either before 283 as a Suffectus or in 238 as an Ordinarius.

In 238 he was princeps senatus，and GordianⅠ negotiated through him for Senatorial acknowledgement for his claim as emperor.

In 251，when Dacius revived the censorship with legislative and executive powers so extensive that it practically embraced the civil authority of the emperor ，Valerian was chosen censor by the Senate though he declined to accept the post. Under Decius he was nominated governor of the Rhine provinces of Noricum and Raetia and retained the confidence of his successor，Trebonianus Gallus，who asked him for reinforcements to quell the rebellion of Aemilianus in 253. Valerian headed south，but was too late: Gallus´own troops had killed him and joined Aemilianus before his arrival. The Raetian soldiers then proclaimed Valerian emperor and continued their march towards Rome.

At the time of his arrival in September or October ，Aemilianus´ legions defected ，killing him and proclaiming valerian emperor. In Rome，the Senate quickly acknowledged him，not only for fear of reprisals，but also because he was one of their own.

Valerian´s first act as emperor on 22 October 253 was to make his son Gallienus his Caesar and colleague. In the beginning of his reign the affairs in Europe went from bad to worse and the whole West fell into disorder. In the East，Antioch had fallen into the hands of a Sassanid vassal Armenia was occupied by shapurⅠ (Shapor). Valerian and Gallienus split the problems of the empire between the two，with the son taking the West and the father heading East to face the Persian threat.

Later in 259，he moved to Edessa，but an outbreak of plgue killed a critical number of legionaries，weakening the Roman position in Edessa which was then besieged by the Persians.

At the beginning of 260，Valerian was decisively defeated in the Battle of Edessa and he arranged a meeting with Shapur to negotiate a peace settlement. The truce was betrayed by shapur who seized him and held him prisoner for the remainder of his life. Valerian´s capture was a humiliating defeat for the Romans.



Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus

An Outline

　He was a Roman emperor of Batavian origin. He usurped power from Gallienus in 260 and formed the so called Gallic Empire. He was recognised in Gaul, Germania, Britannia and Iberia until his murder in 268.(Let me tell you further that Postumus is Latin which has The last son and The son was born after his father’s death.

Rise to power

Little is known about the early life of Postumus, but it is believed that he was a Batavian oh humble origins who rose through the ranks of the army, eventually becoming the governor of Germania Superior or Inferior. While Gallienus was dealing with problems in the east, he left his son, Salpninus, and military commanders, including Postumus, to protect the Rhine. Amid the chaos of an invasion by the Alamanni and Franks, Postumus was declared emperor. Postumus then besieged and attacked Cologne where Silvanus, praetorian perfect and former co-director of Roman policy on Gaul(along with Postumus) had sided with Saloninus. After breaching the walls oh the city, Postumus had Silvanus and Saloninus killed; later he elected a triumphal arch to celebrate his victory.

His Rule

Postumus was recognized as emperor in Gaul, Hispania, Germany, and Britain. He set up the capital of his empire at Cologne, complete with its own senate, consuls and praetorian guard. He represented himself as the restorer of Gaul on some of his coins, a title he earned after successfully defending Gaul against the Germans. The coins issued by Postumus were of better workmanship and higher precious metal content than coins issued by Gallienus.

In 263, Gallienus launched a campaign to defeat Postumus. After initial success against him, Gallienus was seriously wounded and needed to return home. After his failed attempt at defeating Postumus, Gallienus was occupied with crises in the rest of his empire and never challenged Postumus again.

Aureolus, a general of Gallienus who was in command of Milan, openly changed sides and allied himself with Postumus. The city of Milan would have been critical to Postumus if he planned to march on Rome. For whatever reason, Postumus failed to support Aureolus, who was besieged by Gallienus.

Postumus was himself challenged by a usurper in 268, one of the many so-called Gallienus usurpers of the period. Laelianus, one of Postumus' top military leaders, was declared emperor in Mainz by the local garrison and surrounding troops (Legio XXII Primigenia). Although Postumus was able to quickly capture Mainz and kill Laelianus, he was unable to control his own troops and they turned on him and killed him, since they were dissatisfied with him for not allowing them to sack the city of Mainz (Aur. Vict. 33.8; Eutrop. 9.9.1).

Following the death of Postumus, his empire lost control of Britain and Spain, and the shrunken remains of the Gallic Empire were inherited by Marcus Aurelius Marius.

Postumus is listed among the Thirty Tyrants in the Historia Augusta. Although his reign is often listed as beginning in 259, it is now believed that the summer or fall of 260 is the more likely date that he was hailed emperor. This topic is still debated. If the date of 260 is chosen for the start of Postumus' reign, then all of the subsequent dates involving the Gallic Empire are pushed forward by one year.

My impression

I think that he was very clever and powerful: although he had been poor person at the beginning, he became a governor general. It is a short his time of enthronement, but he made some history of the Roman empire. As a result, he was elected the Thirty Tyrants and killed by his armed. I think that if he had been lived more, he could have got more success.
 
 
 
 
 
 
ConstantiusⅠ


・He was born in A. D. 243.

・He is a father of ConstantinusⅠ.

・ConstantinusⅠopened the Constantinus dynasty.

・In A. D. 293 , Diocletianus established four Tetrarchs , and divided the

Roman Empire into the west and east.

・ConstantiusⅠbecame assistant to the Emperor Maximianus on the west side.

・He got married to Theodora , whom Maximianus’s daughter－in－law , and

six children were born to them.

・He had a former wife (or a lover ?) and Constantius Ⅰwas son of her .

・He reigned Gallia and Britannia.

・In A. D. 305 the Emperor Maximianus abdicated the throne and ConstantiusⅠ

replaced him as a emperor.

・He died in A. D. 306 at York , Britannia.


Maximiainus


Maximianus was born in 250 in Sirumium and died in July, 310.

He was a roman empire in March 1, 286 to May 1, 305.

In 286, he became an empire with Diocletianus because Diocletianus thought that it was difficult to govern large Roma by himself.

Maximianus fought with the Germanic people, for example, Alamanni and Burgundy people. He won many times.

He also won the fight with Carasius who called himself an empire.

Constantinus who was the second empire of Maximianus killed Carasius.

In 305, he was forced to abdicate by Diocletianus against his will.

He planned to kill Constantinus who was a grandchild of Constantius in 310, but he couldn’t. He died in the same year.
 
 
 
Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus(244~311)


Roman emperor (284~305)



Born

llyricum

Pollitical system

Dominatus：autocratic pollitical system

Tetrarchia：4 emperors' reign

→Diocletianus,Maximianus,Craus,Galerius

Base

Nicomedia

Reign(286~305)

the east：formal-Diocletianus / support- Galerius

the west：formal-Maximianus / support- Craus

→after Diocletianus’s reign,the roman empire lost its balance and confused.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Constantine


Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus

(Born Feb 27, AD 272 — Died May 22, 337)

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Birthplace : Naissus (modern Serbia)

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Best known as : The first Christian ruler of the Roman Empire

ConstantineⅠ came to the throne when his father,

Constantius, died in 306. After defeating his rivals,

Constantine became the sole ruler of the Roman Empire in

324, and is credited with social and economic reforms that

significantly influenced medieval society. In 313 his Edict of

Milan legally ended pagan persecution of Christians, and

in 325 he used imperial power to bring unity to the church

at the Council of Nicea. He also moved the capital of his

empire to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople in 330.

Constantine's embrace of Christianity eventually led him to

be baptized in 337.



Licinius 308-324
It was decided city Chiristian nation established prospectus with light geographic and strategic reasons for future Empire after 328 a.d. most valuable he assumed rule rights fight of the Roman Empire Constantine and Licinius doses Act. Constantine’s victory in the cross of Christ daylight sky saw.

The year after he New Roman Empire huge and strong barrier in Church Race course, theater, bathes, libraries, etc all public buildings in filled in.



Flavius Jovianus（Reign 363-364）

He was born in 331. His father was a general.

He experienced the commander of the armed forces and became an administrator after that, he went to the front of the army for fighting with Sassanid Empire Persia.

Julian, the 46th emperor died in a war by a fight of Ctesiphon of 363 years. Julian did not appoint next vice-emperor, and the suitable relative did not stay, so Jovianus was elected to the 47th Caesar in 363 by the armed forces. The emperor of the blood relationship of the ConstantineⅠ was became extinct by this.

The first work of Jovianus was to withdraw the Rome soldier who survived safely abroad. Therefore he concluded a disadvantageous treaty that he would cede five Roman fortress such as Nisibis and Singara to Shapur and withdraw from Armenia.

Julian abolished a special privilege it had given to Christian, protected paganism, but Jovianus abolished this policy of Julian and succeeded in returning it to Christianity kind treatment policy.

On February 17, 364, it is said that he died of gas poisoning with the brazier on the way of the return to Constantinople.